Steam Distillation of Eugenol Essay Example for Free

Steam Distillation of Eugenol Essay Introduction: This experiment involves an extraction of a natural product using the techniques of steam distillation. The principle component of oil of cloves is an aromatic compound, which is identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Eugenol is widely used in dentistry, due to its analgesic, antiseptic balsamic qualities. It is ideal for curative for pulp hyperemia (the soft, sensitive substance underneath the enamel and dentine of a tooth) and pulp its. In dentistry eugenol is also used to cover cavities, fill canals, etc. It also keeps food fresh and kills off bacteria and viruses. Eugenol helps keep meat fresh and prevents stomach upset, diarrhea, and wound infections. In addition, it might play a part in relieving indigestion, controlling diarrhea, and healing cuts and bites. Eugenol is the main active ingredient in cloves. Procedure: 1. In a 250 mL round bottom flask, place 10.0g of ground cloves and 80 mL of water. Set up for a simple distillation 2. Heat to boiling and collect the distillate until you no longer see droplets of organic liquid coming out of the condenser (about 40 minutes). 3. Place the distillate in a separatory funnel and extract with three 10 mL portions of Dichloromethane 4. Combine the dichloromethane extracts and dry over Sodium Sulfate. 5. Examine the purity of the extract using thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Spot a small sample of the extract using a capillary spotter about 1 cm from the end of TLC plate. 6. Visualize using a UV light and mark the visualized spots with a pencil. 7. Record the number of spots and the Rf values from the spot(s). 8. While the plate is developing set up a clean and dry distillation set up and distil off most of the dichloromethane solvent. 9. The remaining solution of Eugenol in Dichloromethane can be removed using a disposable pipette and placed into a clean pre-weighted vial. 10. The vial can be heated on a steam bath under the hood to remove the small amount of dichloromethane. 11. The pure Eugenol should be weighted to determine the percent oil recovered based on the mass of cloves originally used. Results: Density of Eugenol: 1.34 g/mL BP of Eugenol: 40Â °C Initial mass of Eugenol: 18.545 g Mass of vial: 18.0063 g Mass of Eugenol Oil: 18.434 g % Recovery = (18.545 g 18.434 g)/18.434 x 100 = 0.602% Thin layer chromatography: Rf=(Distance substance moved/Distance solvent moved) Rf=(4.2/5.1) Rf=(.824) Conclusion: The experiment was successful in that we did isolate eugenol as proven by thin layer chromatography. Our Rf value was somewhat high. This is probably because the beaker with the chloroform was not 100 % closed during the time we did the thin layer chromatography. Our watch glass was not 100% efficient. Also when we were heating the liquid in the condenser, heating the liquid at a rate too high could cause excess materials to come out in the final product. Other than that, human error is a concern. This can be minimized by careful observation, and proper procedure. Still, our percent error was under 1 percent, which is very favorable.

The Holocaust :: European Europe History

The Holocaust The Holocaust was the extermination of the Jews and other people whom Hitler considered inferior. It took place from 1933 to 1945. Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany led this effort. About 12 million people were murdered, half of them being Jews. When Hitler took over control of Germany, everything changed. Hitler had a very strong prejudice against the Jews. He wanted to create the perfect race of blonde haired blue eyed Germans. His followers, who were the soldiers in the camps, were called Nazis. They enforced all killing that Hitler wanted done. Also, there were many other people involved in this massive genocide. Different people were leading the killing and different groups of people were being killed, not only Jews. For instance, there were many doctors who ran tests on people, but didn't care if the patients were hurt or even killed, which they usually were. All surgeries were performed without any anesthetic. These are just a couple general things that happened durin g the Holocaust. There are so many things that happened in this time period that are impossible to imagine or just are too horrible to think about. The things about the Holocaust that I find the most unnerving are the torture and pain they put the Jews and other groups through. The two main topics I feel are most serious or crucial are the medical experiments and their results and reactions on the patients. Also, the different camps, their strong points and general methods for killing used there. There are three camps that are familiar to me and I hear mentioned the most. They are Dachau, Treblinka, and of course, Auschwitz. The doctor who was most infamous for carrying out horrible experiments was Mengele. Dachau, Treblinka, and Auschwitz were three of the six concentration camps that were used for execution of Jews and other groups considered inferior. At Treblinka, 700,000 to over 1,000,000 people were killed. The gassings at Dachau never went past the experimental stage. They were in no way used as the gas chambers in Auschwitz were. Also, at Dachau, they performed Intense Cooling experiments. A summary of what they did was they'd dress the subject in certain clothes and either put their whole body, to include the brain stem, or only up to the brain stem in water which was from 2.5 to 12 degrees Centigrade. Fatalities only occurred when the brain stem and back of head were also chilled.

Vacant Chapter 10 Decision

When I finally look at the clock, I notice it's been seven hours since I ran out on Emily and my feelings. As I look out in front of me, the gray asphalt blurring with yellow and white lines, I make the decision to keep going. I don't want to be the one to ruin her. No matter how far I drive, I come to the same conclusion over and over again. I must have given Emily some sign of my feelings for her. It was never my intention. I'm a stock boy at a grocery store. She needs someone to take care of her†¦buy her all the things she's never had. She doesn't need an orphaned schmuck with less money than common sense. Usually, forty-eight hours doesn't seem like a whole lot. However, it's the longest I've been away from Emily in the time I've known her. It's hard for me to believe I've only known her such a short time because she's my whole life. How can your whole life be consumed by one person you haven't known your entire life? Since I don't know the answer to that, I keep driving. It's Friday the 13th. I hadn't actually realized it until I stopped for gas, and the lady in front of me was writing a check. She asked what the date was. The attendant answered her in a gleeful, yet macabre tone. Can one celebrate Friday the 13th? If today is the thirteenth though, that means I've been sleeping in my car for six days. Six days without her beautiful eyes. Six days without hearing the slight lilt in her voice. Six days since she told me she loved me, and I left her – like a thief in the night. Six days of thinking about kissing, touching and holding Emily. It's the only thing I've thought about. Suddenly, it hits me: I know exactly what the raccoon from yesterday felt like as the wheels of the truck ahead of me rolled over him crushing him from the outside in.

Top 10 Earliest Forming Atlantic Hurricanes - About.com Weather

May 9, 2015 Have you heard the latest weather news? Thats right, the Atlantic has already seen its first storm of the 2015 Hurricane Season -- Tropical Storm Ana. No, you didnt miss the season start. Ana is just early; three weeks early, in fact. (The last time a tropical or subtropical storm formed this early in the Atlantic basin was in 2003 by a storm of the same name (talk about a coincidence!).   Anytime theres talk about early tropical systems (dubbed pre-season) it often begs the question: Just how early has the first Atlantic storm of a season spun up? Heres a list of the ten earliest, first tropical cyclones (depressions, storms, and hurricanes) that have formed in the Atlantic basin since hurricane record keeping began back in 1851. (Ana ranks as the the #9 earliest!) Earliest Rank Storm Name Formation Date Season Year 10 Subtropical Storm Andrea May 9 2007 9 Tropical Storm Ana May 8 2015 8 Tropical Storm Arlene May 6 1981 7 Tropical Storm (Unnamed) May 5 1932 6 Subtropical Storm (Unnamed) April 21 1992 5 Tropical Storm Ana April 20 2003 4 Hurricane (Unnamed) March 6 1908 3 Tropical Storm (Unnamed) Feb 2 1952 2 Subtropical Storm (Unnamed) Jan 18 1978 1 Hurricane (Unnamed) Jan 3 1938 MORE: Why do some storms have numbers for names, or no name at all? Mother Nature Doesnt Care When June 1 Is The next natural question after is, why do pre-season cyclones form? The atmosphere doesnt care when June 1 is if the oceans are primed for brewing a tropical storm. Warmer-than-normal ocean temperatures When they do, its because ...why? While pre-season storms are not unheard of, they are considered fairly rare -- occurring on average every 4-5 years. The last May tropical system was Tropical Storm Alberto which formed on May 19, 2012. (It ranks as the 18th earliest tropical cyclone.) Since 1851, only 26 tropical storms or hurricanes have formed before Junes arrival. While pre-season storms are not unheard of, they are considered fairly rare -- occurring on average every 4-5 years. The last May tropical system was Tropical Storm Alberto which formed on May 19, 2012. (It ranks as the 18th earliest tropical cyclone.) Since 1851, only 26 tropical storms or hurricanes have formed before Junes arrival. Sources: NOAA National Hurricane Center Past Track Seasonal Maps, Atlantic Basin. Accessed May 9, 2015.